fbpx
  • Latest News
  • Trending News
  • All
  • Latest News
  • Featured
  • Industry News
  • Legal Governance
  • Constitutional Law
  • Op-Ed
  • News Archives
  • Alternative Dispute Resolution
  • Analysis
  • Bankruptcy Law
  • Consumer Protection Law
  • Cyber Security Law
  • Family Law
  • Disability Law
  • Employment Law
  • Environmental Law
  • Estate Law
  • Housing Law
  • Human Rights Code
  • Immigration Law
  • Insurance Law
  • Intellectual Property Law
  • Privacy Law
  • Tax Law
  • Workers Compensation Board
What Does โ€œFreedomโ€ Mean in Canadian Law?

What Does โ€œFreedomโ€ Mean in Canadian Law?

February 25, 2022
More than 10,000 Canadians received a medically-assisted death in 2021: report

More than 10,000 Canadians received a medically-assisted death in 2021: report

August 13, 2022
Quebec Superior Court suspends Bill 96โ€™s translation requirement until constitutionality determined

Quebec Superior Court suspends Bill 96โ€™s translation requirement until constitutionality determined

August 12, 2022
The Ontario government has given Maggie an ultimatum: the disabled teen can lose her funding or her independence

The Ontario government has given Maggie an ultimatum: the disabled teen can lose her funding or her independence

August 12, 2022
FBI took 11 sets of classified material from Trump’s Mar-a-Lago home while investigating possible Espionage Act violations (US)

FBI took 11 sets of classified material from Trump’s Mar-a-Lago home while investigating possible Espionage Act violations (US)

August 12, 2022
Ontario class action settlement reclassifies volunteers as employees, setting new precedent

Ontario class action settlement reclassifies volunteers as employees, setting new precedent

August 11, 2022
Availability of Judicial Review in SABS Disputes

Availability of Judicial Review in SABS Disputes

August 10, 2022
Are masking policies still valid?

Are masking policies still valid?

August 10, 2022
Justice Canada releases commission report on impact of lack of legal aid in family law disputes

Justice Canada releases commission report on impact of lack of legal aid in family law disputes

August 9, 2022
Harmonized sales tax part of maximum amount of attendant care benefits owed by insurer: court

Harmonized sales tax part of maximum amount of attendant care benefits owed by insurer: court

August 8, 2022
New rules coming next month to help Canadians with cancelled and delayed flights

New rules coming next month to help Canadians with cancelled and delayed flights

August 3, 2022
Stephen King set to testify for govt in books merger trial (US)

Stephen King set to testify for govt in books merger trial (US)

August 2, 2022
New law program in Quebec to begin next fall, a first in 50 years

New law program in Quebec to begin next fall, a first in 50 years

August 2, 2022

Defence lawyers threaten job action over Legal Aid Alberta funding

August 1, 2022
The Impact of the Lack of Legal Aid in Family Law Cases

The Impact of the Lack of Legal Aid in Family Law Cases

July 29, 2022
SCC rules that when someone is required by their partner to wear a condom but do not, they could be guilty of sexual assault.

SCC rules that when someone is required by their partner to wear a condom but do not, they could be guilty of sexual assault.

July 29, 2022
Big Plastic suing feds over single-use ban โ€” again

Big Plastic suing feds over single-use ban โ€” again

July 29, 2022
Tim Hortons offers coffee and doughnut as proposed settlement in class action lawsuit

Tim Hortons offers coffee and doughnut as proposed settlement in class action lawsuit

July 29, 2022

NBA investigating Philadelphia 76ers for possible tampering

July 29, 2022

#MeToo didn’t end sexual harassment in the workplace and vigilance remains a must

July 29, 2022
The SCC has refused to hear the appeal to declare the renewal of the state of health emergency by the Quebec government invalid

The SCC has refused to hear the appeal to declare the renewal of the state of health emergency by the Quebec government invalid

July 28, 2022
Federal privacy commissioner investigating controversial ArriveCAN app

Federal privacy commissioner investigating controversial ArriveCAN app

July 28, 2022
Kraken, a U.S. Crypto Exchange, Is Suspected of Violating Sanctions (US)

Kraken, a U.S. Crypto Exchange, Is Suspected of Violating Sanctions (US)

July 26, 2022
Ontario court certifies class action on former patients’ anxiety from notice of risk of infection

Ontario court certifies class action on former patients’ anxiety from notice of risk of infection

July 26, 2022
The stakes couldn’t be higher as Canada’s top court decides whether to hear climate class action lawsuit

The stakes couldn’t be higher as Canada’s top court decides whether to hear climate class action lawsuit

July 26, 2022
Professor Barnali Choudhury selected by EU as trade and sustainable development expert

Professor Barnali Choudhury selected by EU as trade and sustainable development expert

July 25, 2022

Abuse and harassment survivors ‘silenced’ by non-disclosure agreements fight for change to B.C. law

July 23, 2022
The Supreme Court decision on the โ€˜Ghomeshiโ€™ amendments will help sexual assault victims access justice

The Supreme Court decision on the โ€˜Ghomeshiโ€™ amendments will help sexual assault victims access justice

July 5, 2022
AFN Reaches $20 B Final Settlement Agreement to Compensate First Nations Children and Families

AFN Reaches $20 B Final Settlement Agreement to Compensate First Nations Children and Families

July 4, 2022

Why your options may be limited if your employer wants you back in the workplace

July 4, 2022

City directs contractors to reinstate Sikh security guards who lost work due to clean-shaven rule

July 4, 2022
  • ABOUT LITN
  • SUPPORT LITN
  • LEGAL, PRIVACY & POLICY
  • PUBLIC EDUCATION & RESOURCE LINKS
Friday, January 27, 2023
  • Login
  • Register for a FREE LITN account
โš– Law in the News .com (LITN) Media ๐Ÿ“ƒ
  • Latest News
  • Industry News
  • Categories
    • A to C
      • Aboriginal Law
      • Access to Justice (A2J)
      • Administrative Law
      • Alternative Dispute Resolution
      • Analysis
      • Animal Law
      • Anti-Corruption Law
      • Antitrust Law
      • Arbitration Law
      • Banking and Securities Law
      • Bankruptcy Law
      • Cannibis Law
      • Civil Litigation
      • Class Action
      • Commercial Law
      • Constitutional Law
      • Construction Law
      • Consumer Protection Law
      • Contract Law
      • Criminal Law
      • Cyber Security Law
    • D to H
      • Disability Law
      • Editor’s Choice
      • Elder Law
      • Employment Law
      • Environmental Law
      • Entertainment Law
      • Estate Law
      • Family Law
      • Highway Traffic Law
      • Housing Law
      • Human Rights Code
    • I to L
      • Immigration Law
      • Industry News
      • Insurance Law
      • Intellectual Property Law
      • International Law
      • Labour Law
      • Latest News
      • Legal Governance
    • M to Z
      • Medical Law
      • Municipal Law
      • Op-Ed
      • Personal Injury Law
      • Privacy Law
      • Real Estate Law
      • Regulatory Law
      • Tax Law
      • Telecommunications Law
      • Transportation Law
      • Workers Compensation Board
  • Archives
    • 2022
      • July 2022
      • June 2022
      • May 2022
      • April 2022
      • March 2022
      • February 2022
      • January 2022
    • 2021
      • December 2021
      • November 2021
      • October 2021
      • September 2021
      • August 2021
  • About LITN
    • Who We Are
    • What We Do
    • Our Mission
    • Our Goal
    • Contact Us
    • Support LITN
      • Contribute to LITN Operations
      • Place YOUR Custom Ad on LITN
      • Engage with LITN Sponsored Ads
      • Create a FREE LITN Account
      • Subscribe to the LITN Newsletter
      • Connect, Follow, Like, Retweet and Repost LITN
    • Legal, Privacy and Policy
      • Cookie Policy (CA)
      • Privacy Policy
      • Terms and Conditions
  • Public Education and Resource Links
No Result
View All Result
โš– Law in the News .com (LITN) Media ๐Ÿ“ƒ
  • Latest News
  • Industry News
  • Categories
    • A to C
      • Aboriginal Law
      • Access to Justice (A2J)
      • Administrative Law
      • Alternative Dispute Resolution
      • Analysis
      • Animal Law
      • Anti-Corruption Law
      • Antitrust Law
      • Arbitration Law
      • Banking and Securities Law
      • Bankruptcy Law
      • Cannibis Law
      • Civil Litigation
      • Class Action
      • Commercial Law
      • Constitutional Law
      • Construction Law
      • Consumer Protection Law
      • Contract Law
      • Criminal Law
      • Cyber Security Law
    • D to H
      • Disability Law
      • Editor’s Choice
      • Elder Law
      • Employment Law
      • Environmental Law
      • Entertainment Law
      • Estate Law
      • Family Law
      • Highway Traffic Law
      • Housing Law
      • Human Rights Code
    • I to L
      • Immigration Law
      • Industry News
      • Insurance Law
      • Intellectual Property Law
      • International Law
      • Labour Law
      • Latest News
      • Legal Governance
    • M to Z
      • Medical Law
      • Municipal Law
      • Op-Ed
      • Personal Injury Law
      • Privacy Law
      • Real Estate Law
      • Regulatory Law
      • Tax Law
      • Telecommunications Law
      • Transportation Law
      • Workers Compensation Board
  • Archives
    • 2022
      • July 2022
      • June 2022
      • May 2022
      • April 2022
      • March 2022
      • February 2022
      • January 2022
    • 2021
      • December 2021
      • November 2021
      • October 2021
      • September 2021
      • August 2021
  • About LITN
    • Who We Are
    • What We Do
    • Our Mission
    • Our Goal
    • Contact Us
    • Support LITN
      • Contribute to LITN Operations
      • Place YOUR Custom Ad on LITN
      • Engage with LITN Sponsored Ads
      • Create a FREE LITN Account
      • Subscribe to the LITN Newsletter
      • Connect, Follow, Like, Retweet and Repost LITN
    • Legal, Privacy and Policy
      • Cookie Policy (CA)
      • Privacy Policy
      • Terms and Conditions
  • Public Education and Resource Links
No Result
View All Result
โš– Law in the News .com (LITN) Media ๐Ÿ“ƒ
No Result
View All Result
Home Analysis

What Does โ€œFreedomโ€ Mean in Canadian Law?

The courts have interpreted and applied sections 1 and 2 of the Charter, including in the case of Occupy Toronto in 2011.

February 25, 2022
Reading Time: 8 mins read
0
A A
0
What Does โ€œFreedomโ€ Mean in Canadian Law?
Share on FacebookShare on TwitterShare on LinkedInShare by Email

PHOTO: Amy Chung from Pexels

  •   Linda McKay-Panos, LawNow
  • February 25, 2022

In recent days, the word โ€œfreedomโ€ has been used in the context of regulating protests and blockades at various locations in Canada. The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedomsย (Charter) provides guidance about our rights and freedoms in Canada. Over the years, by a process called โ€œjudicial reviewโ€, the Canadian judiciary has interpreted the scope of our rights and freedoms. The courts have also developed legal tests for reasonable and justifiable limits on our rights and freedoms.

In Canada, when the courts are asked to interpret and apply theย Charterย in a particular situation, they use the following analysis:

  1. What is the scope of the right or freedom relied on by the claimant?
  2. Is the right or freedom violated?
  3. If yes, can the violation nevertheless be reasonably justified in a free and democratic society?
2011โ€™s Occupy Toronto

In the context of a 2011 protest during โ€œOccupy Torontoโ€ inย Batty v City of Torontoย (Batty),ย Ontario Justice DM Brown stated:

[2] โ€ฆCanada has not chosen anarchism. Instead, when we collectively adopted theย Charterย some 30 years ago, we embraced, in a constitutional way, a political philosophy which places great emphasis on the liberty of the individual โ€” as can be seen from the various rights and freedoms set out inย ss. 2ย through 15 of theย Charterย โ€” while at the same time reiterating that those rights and freedoms are not absolute. Indeed,ย the first section of ourย Charterย reminds us that individual action must always be alive to its effect on other members of the community: it states that limits can be placed on individual action as long as they are โ€˜reasonable limits prescribed by law as can be demonstrably justified in a free and democratic societyโ€™. [underlining added]

Inย Batty, protesters had been camping in a public park in downtown Toronto as part of the โ€œOccupy Torontoโ€ movement for a month. The City served them with a notice under theย Trespass to Property Actย stating that, โ€œin accordance with the Cityโ€™s Parks By-law, they were prohibited from installing, erecting or maintaining a tent, shelter or other structure in the park and from using, entering or gathering in the park from 12:01 a.m. to 5:30 a.m.โ€ (Batty, para 4). The applicants challenged the validity of the Trespass Notice, claiming it violated their rights underย section 2ย of theย Charter.

Section 2 of theย Charter

Section 2 of theย Charterย reads:

Fundamental freedoms
2.ย Everyone has the following fundamental freedoms:
(a)ย freedom of conscience and religion;
(b)ย freedom of thought, belief, opinion and expression, including freedom of the press and other media of communication;
(c)ย freedom of peaceful assembly; and
(d)ย freedom of association.

Inย Batty,ย the Applicants argued their freedoms were violated as follows (para 56):

(a)ย Section 2(a) โ€” Freedom of Conscience

Ejection from the park and the disbanding of the encampment infringes the Applicantโ€™s freedom of conscience by limiting their freedom to express and enact their political beliefs. The Applicants believe that the act of โ€˜occupyingโ€™ a space is central to their commitments to solidarity, community, and democracy. Their organization of the physical space of the encampment and the social organization of the community ofย protestersย is a mechanism through which the Applicants and fellowย protestersย practice direct democracy and consensus- based decision making.

The encampment and its activities are an exercise of the Applicantsโ€™ and fellowย protestersโ€™ conscience and political beliefs. The Notice under theย Trespass to Property Actย and any government action taken to enforce that Notice substantially interfere with the Applicantsโ€™ and fellowย protestersโ€™ freedom of political belief and conscience.

(b)ย Section 2(b) โ€” Freedom of Expression

Ejection from the park and the disbanding of the encampment infringes the Applicantsโ€™ freedom of expression by denying the Applicants and fellowย protestersย at St. James Park an essential means by which to convey their message. The physical act of โ€˜occupyingโ€™ a space is central to the message being communicated by the Applicants and fellowย protesters. If they are denied the opportunity to โ€˜occupyโ€™ St. James Park because of the Notice under theย Trespass to Property Actย and any government action taken to enforce that Notice, theย protestersย will be inhibited in their ability to convey information and raise awareness about their social concerns.

The applicants are engaged in a prolongedย protestย which involves various forms of protected expression. Further, the actual encampment at St. James Park is a physical act that conveys or is attempting to convey meaning to โ€ฆ members of Canadian society. Both theย protestย and the encampment are intended to convey various messages, including messages about the disproportionate distribution of wealth in society and about democracy.

Protestingย and picketing are forms of expression which are highly protected byย s. 2(b)ย of theย Charter. The Supreme Court of Canada has recognized that the forms of expression that are protected byย s. 2(b) are infinitely varied and can include the written or spoken word, the arts, and even physical gestures or acts. The Supreme Court has recognized that even the physical act of parking a vehicle might constitute protected expression if the vehicle was parked in an attempt to convey a meaning. The Applicantsโ€™ and fellowย protestersโ€™ encampment is a form of political expression which should be sedulously protected by the Court.

(c)ย Section 2(c) โ€” Freedom of Assembly

Ejection from the park and the disbanding of the encampment directly infringes the Applicantโ€™s freedom of assembly, by disrupting a peacefully gathering in which the Applicants and fellowย protestersย are collectively voicing their political beliefs and concerns. The encampment at St. James Park is the site and form of the Applicantsโ€™ and otherย protestersโ€™ assembly, and the Notice under theย Trespass to Property Actย and any government action taken to enforce it directly inhibit the Applicantsโ€™ rights to peacefully assemble.

(d)ย Section 2(d) โ€” Freedom of Association

Ejection from the park and the disbanding of the encampment infringes the Applicantโ€™s freedom of association, by preventing them from working collectively to understand and resolve the confounding social and political problems we all face. The encampment is Occupy Torontoโ€™s primary site for collective action, solidarity, community, debate and discussion towards such understanding and resolution. The Notice under theย Trespass to Property Actย and any government action taken to enforce it directly inhibit the Applicants right to associate by disrupting their structures of collective organization and substantially interfering with their ability to work together toward common goals.

Justice Brown held that the protestersโ€™ freedoms under section 2 of theย Charterย were violated. Next, Justice Brown noted that the key issue was whether the violation could be justified under section 1 ofย Charter.

Section 1 of theย Charter

Section 1ย of theย Charterย reads as follows:

1. Theย Canadianย Charterย of Rights and Freedomsย guarantees the rights and freedoms set out in itย subject only to such reasonable limits prescribed by law as can be demonstrably justified in a free and democratic society. [underlining added]

The Supreme Court of Canada (SCC) has developed a legal test to determine when the government can rely on section 1. The test is found in paragraphs 69 to 70 ofย R v Oakes, a 1986 Supreme Court of Canada decision:

To establish that a limit is reasonable and demonstrably justified in a free and democratic society, two central criteria must be satisfied.ย First, the objective, which the measures responsible for a limit on a Charter right or freedom are designed to serve, must be โ€˜of sufficient importance to warrant overriding a constitutionally protected right or freedom.โ€™ย ย R. v. Big M Drug Mart Ltd.,ย 1985 โ€ฆ The standard must be high to ensure that objectives that are trivial or discordant with the principles integral to a free and democratic society do not gain s. 1 protection. It is necessary, at a minimum, that an objective relate to concerns which areย pressing and substantialย in a free and democratic society before it can be characterized as sufficiently important.

Second,ย once a sufficiently significant objective is recognized, then the party invokingย s. 1ย must show that the means chosen areย reasonable and demonstrably justified. This involves โ€˜a form of proportionality testโ€™:ย R. v. Big M Drug Mart Ltd. โ€ฆย Although the nature of the proportionality test will vary depending on the circumstances, in each case courts will be required to balance the interests of society with those of individuals and groups. There are, in my view, three important components of aย proportionality test.ย First, the measures adopted must be carefully designed to achieve the objective in question. They must not be arbitrary, unfair or based on irrational considerations. In short, they must beย rationally connectedย to the objective.ย Second,ย the means, even if rationally connected to the objective in this first sense, shouldย impair โ€˜as little as possibleโ€™ย the right or freedom in question:ย R. v. Big M Drugย Mart Ltd.,ย โ€ฆย Third,ย there must be aย proportionalityย between theย effectsย of the measures which are responsible for limiting theย Charterย right or freedom, and the objective which has been identified as of โ€˜sufficient importanceโ€™. [emphasis added]

The third aspect of the proportionality test was later expanded upon by the Supreme Court of Canada in the 1994 case ofย Dagenais v Canadian Broadcasting Corpย (at para 888):

[T]his Court has recognized that in appropriate cases it is necessary to measure the actual salutary effects of impugned legislation against its deleterious effects, rather than merely considering the proportionality of the objective itself.

Applying theย Oakesย test inย Batty,ย Justice Brown found that the regulation of structures in public parks and the use of parks during midnight hours is a pressing and substantial objective (para 96) since โ€œwithout some balancing of what people can and cannot do in parks, chaos would reign; parks would become battlegrounds of competing uses, rather than oases of tranquility in the concrete jungleโ€ (para 91). Further, the measures chosen were rationally connected to the objective since they simply asked โ€œone group of the public to let go of their monopoly over the use of the Park and share [it] with other people in Torontoโ€ (para 97).

Next, the measures were found to impair the guaranteed freedom as little as possible. The Court accepted that the encampment of the park was an integral element of the message being conveyed as a manifestation of a political commitment to a horizontally democratic, grassroots process (para 8). Justice Brown quoted the affidavit of the applicants which described the encampment as a โ€œsymbol of the evolution of humans from the nationalist rhetoric of our forefathers, to a true unification of all humankindโ€ (para 36). The Court held that compliance with the trespass notice entailed minimal impairment because it did not amount to a total eviction of the protesters from the park (para 122).

Finally, the court found there was adequate proportionality between the deleterious and salutary effects of the measure (para 123). This conclusion was supported by a description of the negative effects of the encampment on the serene park grounds (โ€œthe occupied areas are largely covered with grass and are gently undulating. They are also well treed, with mature treesโ€) (para 26) and affidavits of residents and nearby business owners. Thus, the conditions imposed on the protest struck the appropriate balance relating to private expression in public places and were thus โ€œreasonable limits prescribed by law as can be demonstrably justified in a free and democratic societyโ€. (See: โ€œFreedom of Expression, the โ€˜Occupyโ€™ Movement, and the Dismantling of Tents: A Case Comment on Batty v City of Torontoโ€ Marina Chernenko โ€“ The Court, 2014).

A Balancing Act

Hopefully, this summary of theย Battyย case demonstrates that while Canadian courts will widely protect Canadiansโ€™ freedoms, they must also allow the government to impose reasonable limits when individuals exercising freedoms adversely affect other members of the community. Thus, freedom in Canada is not an absolute right.

Linda McKay-Panos, BEd, JD, LLM, is the Executive Director of the Alberta Civil Liberties Research Centre in Calgary, Alberta.

GOOGLE ADVERTISEMENT

Want direct access to the latest LITN content?

Stay in the loop โžž Subscribe to LITN instant notifications.
Receive the latest content delivered directly to your device.
Unsubscribe at anytime.

Unsubscribe from LITN instant notifications
Previous Post

The Emergencies Act’s financial legacy

Next Post

Post #MeToo, is it time to re-examine how publication bans are used?

Leave a Reply Cancel reply

Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *

I agree to LITN's Terms & Conditions.

Latest News

More than 10,000 Canadians received a medically-assisted death in 2021: report
Medical Law

More than 10,000 Canadians received a medically-assisted death in 2021: report

August 13, 2022
7
Quebec Superior Court suspends Bill 96โ€™s translation requirement until constitutionality determined
Constitutional Law

Quebec Superior Court suspends Bill 96โ€™s translation requirement until constitutionality determined

August 12, 2022
7
The Ontario government has given Maggie an ultimatum: the disabled teen can lose her funding or her independence
Disability Law

The Ontario government has given Maggie an ultimatum: the disabled teen can lose her funding or her independence

August 12, 2022
7

Subscribe

Join the LITN Newsletter โžž the latest news delivered to your inbox. Unsubscribe at any time.


GOOGLE ADVERTISEMENT

Instagram Feed

  • #LegalTechWoes #legaltech #legaltechpainpoints #legalinnovation  #legalops #legaloperations #legal
#legalgeek #legaltechs #legaltechnology | https://instagram.com/lawinthenews
Courtesy Mat Jakubowski ...silvertownlegal.com | @matjakubowski ... https://www.linkedin.com/in/mat-jakubowski | https://lawinthenews.com/
  • #LegalTechWoes #legaltech #legaltechpainpoints #legalinnovation  #legalops #legaloperations #legal
#legalgeek #legaltechs #legaltechnology | https://instagram.com/lawinthenews
Courtesy Mat Jakubowski ...silvertownlegal.com | @matjakubowski ... https://www.linkedin.com/in/mat-jakubowski | https://lawinthenews.com/
  • #LegalTechWoes #legaltech #legaltechpainpoints #legalinnovation  #legalops #legaloperations #legal
#legalgeek #legaltechs #legaltechnology | https://instagram.com/lawinthenews
Courtesy Mat Jakubowski ...silvertownlegal.com | @matjakubowski ... https://www.linkedin.com/in/mat-jakubowski | https://instagram.com/lawinthenews

Facebook Feed

Facebook Feed

Twitter Feed

Join the Conversation

Personal selections from a Canadian perspective. #Law in the #News #LITN @Law_In_The_News

News Categories

Latest Headlines

More than 10,000 Canadians received a medically-assisted death in 2021: report

More than 10,000 Canadians received a medically-assisted death in 2021: report

August 13, 2022
7
Quebec Superior Court suspends Bill 96โ€™s translation requirement until constitutionality determined

Quebec Superior Court suspends Bill 96โ€™s translation requirement until constitutionality determined

August 12, 2022
7
The Ontario government has given Maggie an ultimatum: the disabled teen can lose her funding or her independence

The Ontario government has given Maggie an ultimatum: the disabled teen can lose her funding or her independence

August 12, 2022
7

Subscribe to the LITN Newsletter

Join the LITN Newsletter โžž the latest news delivered to your inbox. Unsubscribe at any time.

Website Powered By

DJT Design Studios logo

ยฉ 2022 Law in the News Media (LITN)

  • About LITN
  • Contact LITN
  • Support LITN
  • Legal, Privacy and Policy
  • Public Education & Resource Links
No Result
View All Result
  • Login
  • Sign Up
  • Latest News
  • Industry News
  • Categories
    • A to C
      • Aboriginal Law
      • Access to Justice (A2J)
      • Administrative Law
      • Alternative Dispute Resolution
      • Analysis
      • Animal Law
      • Arbitration Law
      • Anti-Corruption Law
      • Antitrust Law
      • Banking and Securities Law
      • Bankruptcy Law
      • Cannibis Law
      • Criminal Law
      • Civil Litigation
      • Class Action
      • Commercial Law
      • Constitutional Law
      • Construction Law
      • Consumer Protection Law
      • Contract Law
      • Criminal Law
      • Cyber Security Law
    • D to H
      • Disability Law
      • Editor’s Choice
      • Elder Law
      • Employment Law
      • Environmental Law
      • Estate Law
      • Family Law
      • Highway Traffic Law
      • Housing Law
      • Human Rights Code
    • I to L
      • Immigration Law
      • Industry News
      • Insurance Law
      • Intellectual Property Law
      • International Law
      • Labour Law
      • Latest News
      • Legal Governance
    • M to Z
      • Medical Law
      • Municipal Law
      • Op-Ed
      • Personal Injury Law
      • Privacy Law
      • Real Estate Law
      • Regulatory Law
      • Tax Law
      • Telecommunications Law
      • Transportation Law
      • Workers Compensation Board
  • News Archives
    • 2022
      • July 2022
      • June 2022
      • May 2022
      • April 2022
      • March 2022
      • February 2022
      • January 2022
    • 2021
      • December 2021
      • November 2021
      • October 2021
      • September 2021
      • August 2021
  • Public Education & Resource Links
  • About LITN
    • Who We Are
    • What We Do
    • Our Mission
    • Our Goal
    • Contact LITN
    • Support LITN
    • Legal, Privacy and Policy
      • Home
      • Cookie Policy
      • Privacy Policy
      • Terms of Use Policy

ยฉ 2022 Law in the News Media (LITN)

Welcome Back to LITN!

Sign In with Facebook
Sign In with Google
Sign In with Linked In
OR

Login to your LITN account below.

Forgot your password? Sign Up

Create a FREE LITN Account!

Sign Up with Facebook
Sign Up with Google
Sign Up with Linked In
OR

Please complete your registration below.

*By registering into the website, you agree to LITN's Terms & Conditions.
All fields are required. Log In

Retrieve your password

Please enter your username or email address to reset your password.

Log In
โš– Law in the News .com (LITN) Media ๐Ÿ“ƒ
Manage Cookie Consent
LITN uses technologies like cookies to store and/or access device information to provide the best user experience. Consenting to these technologies will allow us to process data such as browsing behavior or unique IDs on this site. Not consenting or withdrawing consent, may adversely affect certain features and functions.
Functional Always active
The technical storage or access is strictly necessary for the legitimate purpose of enabling the use of a specific service explicitly requested by the subscriber or user, or for the sole purpose of carrying out the transmission of a communication over an electronic communications network.
Preferences
The technical storage or access is necessary for the legitimate purpose of storing preferences that are not requested by the subscriber or user.
Statistics
The technical storage or access that is used exclusively for statistical purposes. The technical storage or access that is used exclusively for anonymous statistical purposes. Without a subpoena, voluntary compliance on the part of your Internet Service Provider, or additional records from a third party, information stored or retrieved for this purpose alone cannot usually be used to identify you.
Marketing
The technical storage or access is required to create user profiles to send advertising, or to track the user on a website or across several websites for similar marketing purposes.
Manage options Manage services Manage vendors Read more about these purposes
View preferences
{title} {title} {title}
Go to mobile version